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!= j:t"ut ljj/0f kl/ro

!=# ljlw (Methodology)

o; lhNnfsf] kfZj{–lrq tof/ ug{ cfjZos ;"rgf tyf tYof+s ;fdfGotof lgDg ljlw ckgfO{ k|fKt ul/Psf] 5,

􀂃 ljifout sfof{no tyf Uf}=;=;=x?jf6 pknJw ePsf] secondary data nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

􀂃 ;DjlGwt lgsfox?;+u ;do ;dodf tYof+ssf] jf:tljs, ;fGble{stfx?sf jf/]df 5nkmn u/L pko'Qm tYof+s tyf ljj/0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf]] 5 .

􀂃 /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* sf] k|ltj]bgjf6 ljleGg tYof+s Pj+ ;"rgfx? u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 .

􀂃 lhlj;df /x]sf ljleGg tYof+s, clen]v, k|sfzg Pj+ k|ltj]bgx?jf6 tYof+s ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

􀂃 lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nojf6 ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg ;DjGwL ljj/0fx? ;+sng u/L ;f] ;DjGwL ;'rgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

@= lhNnfsf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro

dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] hgsk'/ c~rndf kg]{ ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] x]dk'/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf ;nf{xL b]jLsf] dlGb/ 5 . /ftLsf] ;dodf sf]xL dflg; aQL af]sL tL b]jLsf] dlGb/df uPdf p;sf] d[To' x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf;n] ubf{ cfh klg aQL lnP/ ToxfF sf]xL k'Ub}gg\ . log} b]jLsf] gfdaf6 g} klxn] To; Onfsfsf] gfd / kl5 o; lhNnfs} gfd æ;nf{xLÆ /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] :yfgLo af;LGbfx?sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;nf{xL b]jLsf] dlGb/ jl/kl/ c´} klg j:tL a;]sf] 5}g .

t/sf/L pTkfbgsf] nflu g]kfnd} k|l;4 nfnaGbL o; lhNnfdf kb{5 . uf]ne]+8f pTkfbgsf] nflu k|l;4 t/sf/Lsf] of] ks]6 If]]]q e06f, s/]nf, l3/f}nf, af]8L h:tf cGo t/sf/Lsf] klg 7"nf] kl/df0fdf pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . dT:o pTkfbgdf klg of] lhNnf Tolts} cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . dT:o pTkfbgsf y'k|} ks]6 If]qx? dWo] o; lhNnfsf] km/xbjf ædf5f ufpFÆ g} eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} vfBfGg afnL tkm{ wfg, uxF', ds}sf;fy} bnxg Pj+ t]nxg / pi0f k|b]lzo kmnkm"n pTkfbgdf o; lhNnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . gub]afnL tkm{ OGb' z+s/ lrgL pBf]u xl/jgdf /x]sf] / cGo vf+8;f/L pBf]u klg lhNnfdf /x]jf6 pv' v]tL k|d'v gub]jfnLsf] ?kdf lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 .

o; lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dn+ujf dx]Gb| /fhdfu{af6 nueu @% ls=ld= blIf0f tkm{ cjl:yt 5 . clwsf+z hgtfsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf] >f]t s[lif If]q /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;–;fgf snsf/vfgfx? OTofbLn] hg lhljsf]kfh{gdf s]xL k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 6]jf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

@=! ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt

dfglrqdf lhNnfsf] l:ylt M

cIff+z M @^)$%' b]lv @&)!)' pQ/L cIff+z

b]zfGt/ M *%)@)' b]lv *%)%)' k"jL{ b]zfGt/

k"j{ M dxf]Q/L lhNnf

klZrd M /f}tx6 lhNnf

pQ/ M l;Gw'nL lhNnf

blIf0f M ef/t -ljxf/ k|fGt_

If]qkmn M !@%( ju{ ls=dL=

cf};t nDjfO{ M #@ ls=dL= pQ/ blIf0f

cf};t rf}8fO{ M $) ls=dL k'j{ klZrd

prfO{ M ^) dL= b]lv ^%( dL= ;Dd -;d"Gb| ;txaf6_

lhNnfnfO{ ef}uf]lns agfj6sf] b[li6sf]0fn] df]6fdf]6L ?kdf lgDg ltg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= pQ/sf] r'/] 8fF8f

@= aLrsf] efFj/ k|b]z

#= blIf0fsf] t/fO{ k|b]z

pQ/sf] r'/] 8fF8f

;jeGbf blIf0f t/fO{sf] d}bfg / To; kl5 pQ/sf] rf/sf]z] emf8L / ;f] eGbf pQ/ k"j{ klZrd >[+vnfdf /x]sf] r'/] kj{t o; lhNnfsf] pQ/L l;dfgf ;d]t xf] . o; efusf] km]bLdf gbLsf] t6df s'g} s'g} 7fpdf s[lifof]Uo hldg ePsf] sf/0fjf6 st} st} l56 km'6 j:tLx? e]l6G5g .

aLrsf] efFj/ k|b]z

 r'/] b]lv blIf0f t/fO{sf] d}bfg efu b]lv pQ/ /x]sf] rf/sf]z] emf8Lsf] gfdn] k|l;4 o; If]qsf] prfO{ s/Lj !%) dL= b]lv #)) dL= sf] aLrdf kb{5 . cf}nf] pGd"ng ;Fu;Fu} o; If]qdf a;f]jf; a9\b} uPsf] 5 . dx]Gb| /fhdfu{n] 5f]Psf] If]q ePsf]n] oxfFsf] a;f]jf; a9\bf] qmddf 5 . efFj/ k|b]z ePsf] sf/0fn] kfgLsf] >f]t Hofb} tn /xG5, ;fy} au]sf] kfgL klg hdLgsf] l5b|tfn] ubf{ ljnfpg] x'Fbf oxfF hdLg d'lgsf] kfgLsf] >f]t e]6fpg ;fx|} d'l:sn kb{5 . To;}n] o; If]qdf l;+rfO{sf] Aoj:yf h6Ln aGg uPsf] xf] . jg hËn dfl;bf e"ldut hn ;tx klg cem tn emg]{ ;Defjgf ePsf]n] o; If]qsf] jg hËnsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos 5 .

blIf0f t/fO{ k|b]z

 of] k|b]z lhNnfs]f dWo efu b]lv blIf0f;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] If]q k/fk"j{ sfn b]lv g} s[lifof]Uo tyf a9L hg3gTj /x]sf] kfO{G5 . lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd dn+ujf -g=kf=_ ;fy} clwsf+z k|d'v ufpF a:tLx? o;} If]qdf 5g\ . o; If]qnfO{ lhNnfsf] cGg e08f/ If]qsf] ?kdf dflgG5 . o;sf] prfO{ s/Lj !%) dL= eGbf sd} 5 . of] If]q klxn] b]lv j;f]jf; of]Uo ePsf]n] oxfF jg hËn gu0o ?kdf kfOG5 / jiff{df af9Ln] s]xL gf]S;fgL ;d]t k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

@=!=!= k|fs[lts :j?k / ;Dkbf

;nf{xL lhNnfsf] clwsf+z blIf0fL efu ;d'Gb| ;tx b]lv s/Lj ^) dL= dfq prfO{ ePsf t/fO{ d}bfg / cfjfbL If]qx? x'g\ tfklg o;sf] dWo efudf s]xL a9L prfO{ ePsf] rf/sf]z] emf8Lsf] efFj/ k|b]z 5 / pQ/L l;dfgflt/ r'/] 8fF8fsf r'r'/fx? s/Lj ^)) dL= ;Dd cUnf 5g\ . o;/L lhNnfsf] e"–efu pQ/ b]lv blIf0f lt/ xf]lrb} uPsf] 5 . lhNnfsf] pQ/L tyf dWo efudf jg hËn Hofb} ePsfn] cfjfbL sd 5 . dx]Gb| /fhdfu{n] o; lhNnfsf] pQ/L efunfO{ l5rn]sf] x'Fbf Totflt/ gofF j;f]jf; a9\b} uPsf] / jghËn / hËnL hgfj/x? 36\b} uPsf 5g\ . lhNnfsf] klZrdL l;dfgf eO{ aUg] jfudtL gbLsf] 5]p 5fpdf cem} klg 3gf hËn / hËnL hgfj/x? k|z:t 5g\ . lhNnf leq aUg] nvgb]O{ / lemd h:tf gbLx? jfx]s r'/] If]qdf k|z:t vx/]x? 5g\ . lhNnfdf pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgLsf] c;/ kb{5 tfklg blIf0fL efudf eGbf pQ/tkm{ a9L jiff{ x'G5 . o; lhNnfsf] e"–;+/If0fsf] lglDt klg oxfFsf] jg hËnsf] plrt ;+/If0f ug'{ cfjZos x'g cfpF5 .

@=!=@= gbLgfnfx?

lhNnfsf] klZrdL l;dfgfdf /x]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL jfudlt gbL jfx]s cGo ;a} gbLx? pQ/sf] r'/] 8fF8f If]qaf6 z'? ePsf 5g\ / qmdzM blIf0f lt/ aUb} ef/t k:b5g\ . w]/} h;f] ;–;fgf vf]nf / vx/]x? 5g\ . lhNnf leqsf] csf{] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL nvgb]O{ / lemdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

jfudtL

;nf{xL lhNnfsf] klZrdL l;dfgf /f}tx6 lhNnfnfO{ 5'6\ofpb} pQ/jf6 blIf0f ef/t tkm{ jfudtL gbL ju]sf] 5 . jfudtL gbLsf] kfgLjf6 jfudtL l;+rfO{ cfof]hgf ;+rfng eO /f}tx6 / ;nf{xL lhNnfsf] nuej %) xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf pknAw ePsf] 5 . jfudtL gbLsf] rf/ jif{sf] cf};t hnk|jfx -!(^%–!(^*_ !^!=^ 3g dL= k|lt ;]s]08 pQm cjlwdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|jfx @*!) 3g dL= k|lt ;]s]08 / ;a}eGbf sd k|jfx $=( 3g dL= k|lt ;]s]08 /x]sf] hfgsf/L lhNnfsf] sd}{of uflj;l:yt /x]sf] jfudtL hnk|jfx dfks s]Gb|n] u/fPsf] lyof] . o; s]Gb|sf] jl/kl/ jfudtLsf] hnfwf/ If]q @,&@) ju{ ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 .

nvgb]O{

of] lhNnf leq /x]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL xf] -s/La ^$ ls=dL= nfdf]_ . of] gbL lhNnfs]f pQ/ k"jL{ s'gfsf] r'/]af6 z'? eO{ blIf0f klZrddf l;d/f uflj;;Dd auL blIf0f tkm{ ef/tdf k;]sf] 5 . o; gbLn] lhNnfnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;xfos gbLx?df gf/fo0f, dbf/, jfdGtL, bfOg], cqf}nL, rfkLgL, sf]6L, 3'dL{ cflb k|d'v x'g ;fy} lgs} ;+Vofdf vx/] tyf ;–;fgf vf]nfx? klg ldl;Psf 5g\ .

lemd gbL

lhNnfsf] pQ/ k"jL{ l;dfgfsf] r'/]af6 lg:s]sf] km'nhf]/ vf]nf / sflnGhf]/ vf]nf hAbL uflj;sf] e}/jk'/ ufpF glhs ldn]/ bf]efg ag]kl5 lemdglb k|f/De ePsf] 5 . o;sf] nDjfO{ s/Lj @( ls=dL= 5 / lhNnfaf6 aUb} ef/t tkm{ k;]sf] 5 . ef/tlt/ o;} gbLnfO{ cwjf/f gbL eGg] ul/G5 . dsjfgk'/ /fHosf] k'/fgf] k'jL{ l;dfgf cwjf/f gbL g} lyof] .

lhNnfdf cGo ;fgfltgf gbLx? klg 5g\ h;dWo] k"j{sf] c+wjf/f gbL -kl5 lemd gbLdf ldn]sf] 5_, klZrdsf] dg'idf/f gbL -xl/jg, ;f]tf/f, kyn}of vf]nfx? ldl;P/ ag]sf] 5 _ / dWo] efudf 9+u|f, e"dL gbLx? 5g\ .

@=!=#= xfjfkfgL

dg;'gL xfjfkfgLsf] k|efj ePsf] o; lhNnfdf clwsf+z d}bfgL efu ePtfklg aLrsf] efj/ k|b]z / pQ/sf] r'/] >[+vnfn] ubf{ lhNnfsf] blIf0f lt/ eGbf pQ/ lt/ udL{ sd x'g] / Hofb} jiff{ x'g] ub{5 . o; lhNnfsf] df};d cjnf]sg s]Gb| clen]v gePsf] x'Fbf xfjfkfgLsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df wg'iff lhNnfsf] hgsk'/df /x]sf] df};d s]Gb|sf] tfkqmdnfO{ g} oxfF nueu tfkqmd dfGg] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .

jflif{s cf};t clwstd tfkqmd nueu #!) ;]) / cf};t Go"gtd tfkqmd @));]) tyf ;a}eGbf a9L tfkqmd $@) ;]) / ;a}eGbf sd tfkqmd $) ;]) /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ lhNnfsf] pQ/L efusf] r'/] tyf efj/ If]qdf t/fO{eGbf tfkqmd s]xL sd /xG5 . s'n jiff{ dWo] *)Ü jiff{ofddf kfOG5 . s/Lj @=#Ü jiff{ lxpFbdf x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;/b/ jiff{ !^((=^ dL=dL= 5 .

lhNnfsf] pQ/L tyf blIf0fL efusf] prfO{df c;dfgtf ePsf]n] ljleGg 7fpFdf jiff{ / tfkqmd Ps}gf; kfO{b}g . t/ df]6fdf]6L ?kdf ;a} 7fpFdf Ps} lsl;dsf] pi0f dg;'gL xfjfsf] k|efj kfO{G5 . blIf0f–klzrdL dg;'gsf] k|efjn] ubf{ h]i7sf] dWo b]lv c;f]h dWo ;Dd jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 lxpFbdf df3–kmfNu'0fdf s]xL jiff{ x'G5 / r}q–j}zfvdf x'/L atf; d]3 uh{g ;lxt kmf6km'6 jiff{ klg x'G5 . oxfF udL{df Hofb} udL{ x'G5 / hf8f]df ;'Vvf df};d / ;fwf/0f hf8f] x'G5 .

@=!=$= k|fs[lts jg:klt tyf kz'–k+IfL

pi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgLsf] hf]u ePsf]n] pi0f k|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ h+un kfO{G5 . h+undf ;fn ;d"xsf] ?vx? k|z:t 5 . ;fy} cGo s8f hftsf ?vx? h:t}M vo/, l;+;f} OTofbL kfOG5 eg] cGo hftLx?df sdf{, s'DgL, x/f]{, a/f]{, l;+b'/], 6fF6/L, ;gL;fn, l;dn, e'/s'n, bjbj], OTofbL klg oxfFsf] h+undf kfOG5 . oxfF kfO{g] jg k}bfjf/x?df ;tfj/L, l;dne'jf, t?n, afljof], /j/, sfF;, tyf cGo h8La'6Lx? klg 5g\ . lhNnfjf;Lx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sf7, bfp/f tyf 3fF;kft cfbL ;a} lhNnfdf /x]sf] jg h+undf /x]sf] jg h+und} lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ . o; lhNnfdf ;fnsf] sf7 j9L dfqfdf kfO{g] ePsf]n] lr/fg ldn cGo lhNnfdf eGbf j9L /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

;nf{xL lhNnfsf] h+undf af3, efn', xfQL, cgf{, OTofbL kfO{g] x'Fbf of] :yn lzsf/sf] nflu k|l;4 lyof] . Oltxf;df >L # h+uaxfb'/ lzsf/ v]Ng o;} lhNnfsf] h+undf cfPsf] pNn]v ePsf] kfO{G5 . jg h+un km8fgL / a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] sf/0f h+unL hgfj/x? nf]k xF'b} uPsf

kfO{G5 . cem}klg kmf6km'6 af3, lrt'jf, efn', lrQn, d[u, ag]n cflb / r/fr'?ÎLdf do"/, wg]z, sflnh, n'FOr], cflb kfO{G5g\ . 

@=!=% e"–pkof]u